Reactors such as the fixed and fluidized beds. As compared with many other institutions costing as high as 4,000 an inmate. Review of whether the physical configuration is continuous, batch, tubular or catalytic The optimum reactor that will best meet the process requirements requires a Operating conditions suchĪs temperature, pressure, and degree of agitation, are related for the most economic An importantįactor in reactor operation is the outlet degree of conversion. It is troubling in both human terms and financial. Mechanisms, rate expressions, and the required production capacity. The city paid 167,731 to feed, house and guard each inmate last year, according to a study the Independent Budget Office released this week. For example, in California, an average bill per day to house an inmate in state prisons is about 129. Generally, reactors are chosen that will meet the requirements imposed by the reaction Most people have little idea what the average cost is to house inmates in prison. To find what a reactor isĪble to do, one needs to know the kinetics, the contacting pattern and the performance Piece of equipment in which conversion of feed stock to desired products takes placeĪnd is thus the single irreplaceable component of the. TheĬhemical reactor may be regarded as the very heart of a chemical process. Read moreĬhemical kinetics and reactor design are very important to all industrial chemicals.Ĭhemical kinetics is the study of chemical reaction rates and reaction mechanisms. They can also be used to cost out alternative processing schemes and equipment. Simple costing methods and some cost data are given, which can be used to make preliminary estimates of capital and operating costs at the flow-sheet stage.
The techniques used for estimating are reviewed. In this chapter the various components that make up the capital cost of a plant and the components of the operating costs are discussed.
In the early stages of a project only an approximate estimate will be required, and justified, by the amount of information by then developed. At the state level, Vera ranks New York a distant fourth in daily inmate population. The accuracy of an estimate depends on the amount of design detail available the accuracy of the cost data available and the time spent on preparing the estimate. It finds that the prison system cost taxpayers 38.8 billion nationally. of production are needed before the profitability of a project can be assessed. Chemical plants are built to make a profit, and an estimate of the investment required and the cost. The design engineer, however, needs to be able to make quick, rough, cost estimates to decide between alternative designs and for project evaluation. Cost estimation is a specialized subject and a profession in its own right. This chapter analyzes various aspects of costing and project evaluation.
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